Multiple myeloma is a form of blood cancer that originates in the plasma cells, a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. These cells are essential for producing antibodies that help fight infections. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably, crowding out healthy cells and producing excessive amounts of abnormal proteins. These abnormal proteins can cause serious complications in the bones, kidneys, and immune system.

Unlike many other cancers, multiple myeloma does not form a solid tumor. Instead, it affects various parts of the body, especially the bones and bone marrow. This systemic nature makes it a complex condition to diagnose and manage, often requiring a coordinated approach among specialists.

The exact cause of multiple myeloma remains unknown, but it is more common in older adults and is slightly more prevalent in men and African Americans. Risk factors may include a family history of the disease, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, and existing conditions like monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), which can sometimes progress into multiple myeloma.

Common Symptoms and How It’s Diagnosed

Multiple myeloma may not cause symptoms in its early stages, and when they do appear, they can vary depending on the organs and systems affected. Common symptoms include persistent bone pain, particularly in the back or ribs, fatigue due to anemia, frequent infections, kidney dysfunction, and high levels of calcium in the blood, which can lead to nausea, confusion, and constipation.

As the disease progresses, it may weaken the bones, leading to fractures or osteoporosis. In some cases, people may experience numbness or weakness in the legs, a result of the cancer pressing on the spinal cord or nerves.

Diagnosing multiple myeloma involves a combination of blood tests, urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies. Blood tests often reveal high levels of certain proteins, such as monoclonal (M) protein and beta-2 microglobulin. Urine tests can detect light chains, also known as Bence Jones proteins, which are another marker of the disease.

A bone marrow biopsy confirms the presence of abnormal plasma cells and helps determine the stage of the disease. Imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans are used to identify bone lesions or damage caused by the cancer.

Treatment Approaches and Living With the Condition

Treatment for multiple myeloma depends on the stage of the disease, the patient’s overall health, and the severity of symptoms. In cases where the disease is progressing slowly and not causing symptoms, a “watch and wait” approach may be taken with regular monitoring.

When treatment is necessary, it typically includes a combination of therapies. Chemotherapy and targeted drugs are often used to destroy cancerous plasma cells or block the pathways that allow them to grow. Immunomodulatory drugs, such as lenalidomide or thalidomide, help boost the body’s immune response against the cancer.

Proteasome inhibitors, such as bortezomib, are also commonly used to interfere with the cell processes that keep cancer cells alive. For eligible patients, a stem cell transplant can offer long-term remission. This process involves high-dose chemotherapy followed by the reinfusion of healthy stem cells to rebuild the bone marrow.

Supportive treatments are equally important. These may include medications to strengthen bones, manage calcium levels, prevent infections, and relieve pain. Because multiple myeloma often becomes a chronic condition, ongoing care focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining quality of life.

Regular follow-up is essential for tracking disease activity and adjusting treatment as needed. Lifestyle changes such as a balanced diet, gentle exercise, and avoiding infections can also support health during and after treatment.

Conclusion

Multiple myeloma is a serious yet manageable condition that affects the body in complex ways. Understanding its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options can help patients and caregivers make informed decisions and seek timely medical care.

While there is currently no cure, advances in treatment continue to improve survival rates and quality of life for those living with the disease. With proper care and monitoring, many people with multiple myeloma are able to live active, fulfilling lives. If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms or has been diagnosed, working closely with a healthcare team is the best path forward for managing the condition effectively.